If you mean some type of backup existing files then yes. You can save them in external drive and then use them, anyway social club will check if you have them all everytime you start it. I'm not sure about some base installation files but all files as 64x.rpf would be just copied.
You can try to backup them, then uninstall GTA V, put them back to the installation folder (if no moded files stay there and folder is deleted, just create it) and try to install GTA V back (make sure you choose folder with files as installation file). I never try this by I think it would be some type of superfast installation because it would skip all this rpf files. Or it may be just one big error fail
But if you mean download new patches by browser then answer is no, I think it's not much realistic to be able to do that because nobody have reason to upload newest dlc and update.rpf files online.
